Self-organisation in LTE networks : an investigation

Mobile telecommunications networks based on Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology promise faster throughput to their users. LTE networks are however susceptible to a phenomenon known as inter-cell interference which can greatly reduce the throughput of the network causing unacceptable degradation of performance for cell edge users. A number of approaches to mitigating or minimising inter-cell interference have been presented in the literature such as randomisation, cancellation and coordination. The possibility of coordination between network nodes in an LTE network is made possible through the introduction of the X2 network link. This thesis explores approaches to reducing the effect of inter-cell interference on the throughput of LTE networks by using the X2 link to coordinate the scheduling of radio resources. Three approaches to the reduction of inter-cell interference were developed. Localised organisation is a centralised scheme in which a scheduler is optimised by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to reduce interference. Networked organisation makes use of the X2 communications link to enable the network nodes to exchange scheduling information in a way that lowers the level of interference across the whole network. Finally a more distributed and de-centralised approach is taken in which each of the network nodes optimises its own scheduling in coordination with its neighbours. An LTE network simulator was built to allow for experimental comparison between these techniques and a number of existing approaches and to serve as a test bed for future algorithm development. These approaches were found to significantly improve the throughput of the cell edge users who were most affected by intereference. In particular the networked aspect of these approaches yielded the best initial results showing clear improvement over the existing state of the art. The distributed approach shows significant promise given further development.EPSR

第9回千葉県胆膵研究会 11.

Additional file 13: Table S5. Statistical analysis of all experiments separated for transmission pairs with high and low diversity transmitters and for transmission pairs where recipient is closer to ancestral genotype, respectively

Additional file 1: of New approaches to measuring anthelminthic drug efficacy: parasitological responses of childhood schistosome infections to treatment with praziquantel

Supplementary Methods, Figures and Tables. (DOCX 108 kb

Additional file 6: Figure S6. of Long-term leukocyte reconstitution in NSG mice transplanted with human cord blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Gating strategy for assessment of engraftment of HSPCs in bone marrow. A representative example for the assessment of engraftment of HSPCs in bone marrow is shown. Percentages of cell populations were determined as follows: Total HSPCs: Í34+ cells (of CD45+ cells), more primitive cells: Í38- or CD90+ cells (of CD45 + CD34+ or CD45+ cells). (TIF 5264 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Long-term leukocyte reconstitution in NSG mice transplanted with human cord blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Comparison of human cell chimerism between peripheral blood and spleen or bone marrow. Paired t test (left) and correlation (right) analyses were performed of human cell chimerism in peripheral blood and spleen (A) or bone marrow (B) (TIF 9278 kb

MOESM7 of Tracing HIV-1 transmission: envelope traits of HIV-1 transmitter and recipient pairs

Additional file 7: Figure S5. Maximal neutralization capacities of transmitter plasma samples. Maximal percent neutralization (MPN) of transmitter (red) and recipient (blue) Env-pseudoviruses by transmitter plasma from the closest time point to the EDT at the highest plasma concentration tested of 1:40. Line indicates 50 % neutralization and difference between median transmitter and recipient value was determined with a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. No plasma sample to estimate neutralization capacity was available from transmitters T1 and T2; therefore they were excluded from this part of the analysis

MOESM6 of Tracing HIV-1 transmission: envelope traits of HIV-1 transmitter and recipient pairs

Additional file 6: Table S2. Distances of transmitter and recipient env sequences to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA)

MOESM8 of Tracing HIV-1 transmission: envelope traits of HIV-1 transmitter and recipient pairs

Additional file 8: Table S3. 50 % neutralization titers of plasma samples from transmitters and recipients against transmitter and recipient Env-pseudoviruses

MOESM10 of Tracing HIV-1 transmission: envelope traits of HIV-1 transmitter and recipient pairs

Additional file 10: Figure S6. Transmitter and recipient viruses do not exhibit different replication fitness. Replicative capacity on PBMCs was measured over a 14 day period and different measures of replication fitness were compared between transmitter and recipient virus isolates. (a) Median area under the curve (AUC) until day 7. (b) Median absolute p24 concentration at day 7. (c) Median absolute p24 concentration at day 10. (d) Median p24 value maximally reached over the 14 day period. Values are medians of the two PBMC pools tested. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to determine statistical significance